Table 1 Socio-demographic, clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics of all study participants, and those with and without HIV infection and type 2 diabetes morbidity

Age, years

48 (39–58)

53 (46–57)

47 (39–58)

Females

283 (56.6)

37 (62.7)

246 (55.8)

Markers of adiposity

BMI, kg/m²

27.4 (23.6–31.4)

25.8 (23.3–29.6)

27.7 (23.6–31.6)

0.06

WC, cm

96.0 (87.0-104.8)

94.0 (86.0-101.5)

96.0 (87.5–105.0)

HC, cm

103.0 (96.0-111.5)

97.8 (91.0-106.0)

104.0 (96.0-112.0)

WHR

0.92 (0.88–0.96)

0.95 (0.91–0.99)

0.92 (0.87–0.96)

Visceral fat level on BIA

9 (7–12)

8 (6–11)

10 (7–12)

Metabolic markers

HbA1c, %

10.3 (7.7–12.5)

11.3 (8.5–12.7)

10.2 (7.7–12.5)

0.16

HbA1c, mmol/mol

90 (61–113)

100 (69–115)

88 (60–113)

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/l

8.6 (6.2–13.4)

9.0 (5.8–14.8)

8.6 (6.2–13.1)

Total cholesterol, mmol/l

4.0 (3.3-5.0)

3.9 (3.2–5.1)

4.1 (3.3-5.0)

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l

0.95 (0.74–1.20)

0.89 (0.70–1.20)

0.96 (0.75–1.20)

Triglycerides, mmol/l

1.3 (1.0-1.8)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

1.3 (1.0-1.8)

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l

2.6 (1.9–3.4)

2.4 (1.9–3.3)

2.6 (1.9–3.4)

Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l

3.0 (2.4–3.8)

2.9 (2.4–3.9)

3.0 (2.4–3.8)

Markers of pancreatic

beta-cell function

Fasting serum C-peptide, ng/ml

1.4 (0.8–2.1)

1.5 (1.0–2.0)

1.4 (0.8–2.1)

0.50

30-minute serum C-peptide, ng/ml (post-OGTT)

2.1 (1.1–3.3)

2.1 (1.5-3.0)

2.1 (1.1–3.4)

120-minute serum C-peptide, ng/ml (post-OGTT)

2.8 (1.5–4.8)

2.7 (1.6-4.0)

2.9 (1.5–4.9)

Fasting insulin, µU/ml

5.9 (3.0-10.6)

6.7 (4.2–9.8)

5.8 (2.9–10.7)

Oral IGI, µU/mmol

1.31 (0.47–3.85)

1.06 (0.40–3.56)

1.38 (0.48–3.96)

HOMA2- %B

43.1 (20.7–77.6)

39.2 (15.4–77.8)

43.5 (22.3–77.2)

Marker of insulin resistance

HOMA2-IR

1.21 (0.77–2.03)

1.24 (0.82–2.11)

1.20 (0.76–2.01)

0.83