Table 2 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression of viral non-suppression in 647 PLHIV on ART in Guatemala

Smoking

2.06

1.14–3.73

0.017

1.73

0.83–3.60

0.141

Excessive alcohol consumption

1.95

1.03–3.69

0.041

2.56

1.18–5.54

0.017

Perceived difficulty attending healthcare

2.09

1.33–3.29

0.001

2.07

1.25–3.42

0.005

No comorbidities

1.63

1.04–2.56

0.034

1.72

1.04–2.84

0.033

Past AIDS defining illness

2.14

1.36–3.36

0.001

1.23

0.72–2.11

0.450

Low CD4 count at diagnosis

2.55

1.54–4.22

0.000

2.34

1.30–4.20

0.004

Treatment interruption ≥ seven days

4.70

2.41–9.18

0.000

4.51

2.13–9.58

0.000

Multiple prior ART regimens

3.69

2.24–6.09

0.000

2.82

1.59–4.99

0.000

Multiple-daily dosing

2.43

1.53–3.86

0.000

1.59

0.92–2.74

0.095

Sexual orientation

 MSM

1.00

0.036

1.00

0.064

 Bisexual

3.95

1.4–11.11

0.009

4.04

1.33–12.3

0.014

 Heterosexual

2.40

1.07–5.38

0.033

1.61

0.66–3.91

0.298

Age 50 and below

1.11

0.62–1.98

0.723

Male

1.23

0.78–1.93

0.381

Not indigenous ethnicity

1.26

0.65–2.47

0.496

Primary education or less

1.39

0.88–2.19

0.157

Individual income ≤ CBA^a

2.00

0.94–4.27

0.074

Home owner

1.27

0.78–2.05

0.334

Lack of access to basic utilities

1.32

0.69–2.50

0.400

Prior illicit drug use

1.58

0.83–3.02

0.168

Travel time to healthcare > 1 h

1.27

0.79–2.04

0.330

Borrows money for transport to care

1.20

0.75–1.92

0.456

Travel cost ≥ $2.6 roundtrip^b

1.15

0.74–1.81

0.534

Integrase inhibitor-based regimen

1.47

0.93–2.32

0.095