Table 3 Multivariate random-effects logistic regression model of factors associated with undisclosed HIV status among male and female caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children in Tanzania, 2017 (n = 59,683)
Covariate | All (n = 59,683) | Female (n = 42,516) | Male (n = 17,167) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted odds ratio (OR) | 95% confidence | Adjusted odds ratio (OR) | 95% confidence | Adjusted odds ratio (OR) | 95% confidence | ||||
Lower limit | Upper limit | Lower limit | Upper limit | Lower limit | Upper limit | ||||
Caregiver sex | |||||||||
 Female | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Male | 1.22*** | 1.16 | 1.28 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Caregiver age (years) | |||||||||
 18–30a | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 31–60 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 1.01 |
 61+ | 1.72*** | 1.59 | 1.88 | 1.87*** | 1.69 | 2.07 | 1.46*** | 1.22 | 1.74 |
Caregivers marital status | |||||||||
 Married or living togethera | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 Divorced or separated | 1.01 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 1.09 |
 Never been married | 1.12** | 1.03 | 1.23 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.19 | 1.45*** | 1.17 | 1.81 |
 Widow/widower | 1.12*** | 1.07 | 1.18 | 1.12*** | 1.06 | 1.19 | 1.10 | 0.99 | 1.21 |
Caregiver’s education | |||||||||
 Never attended schoola | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 Primary | 0.67*** | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.67*** | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.70*** | 0.63 | 0.77 |
 Secondary+ | 0.56*** | 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.54*** | 0.47 | 0.63 | 0.60*** | 0.49 | 0.74 |
Wealth quintile | |||||||||
 Lowest (Q1)a | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 Second | 0.92** | 0.87 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.79 | 1.03 |
 Middle | 0.98 | 0.92 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.10 | 0.87** | 0.77 | 0.98 |
 Fourth | 0.91** | 0.85 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.06 | 0.74*** | 0.66 | 0.84 |
 Highest (Q5) | 0.83*** | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.85*** | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.73*** | 0.64 | 0.83 |
Place of residence | |||||||||
 Rurala | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 Urban | 1.58*** | 1.34 | 1.86 | 1.58*** | 1.33 | 1.89 | 1.22 | 0.98 | 1.52 |
Family member has CHF/TIKA card? | |||||||||
 Yesa | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 No | 1.36*** | 1.28 | 1.45 | 1.31*** | 1.21 | 1.41 | 1.41*** | 1.26 | 1.57 |
Caregiver mentally or physically disabled? | |||||||||
 Noa | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 Yes | 1.14** | 1.25 | 1.04 | 1.10 | 0.97 | 1.25 | 1.18** | 1.02 | 1.37 |
Is the household food insecure? | |||||||||
 Noa | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
 Yes | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.1 | 1.07** | 1.00 | 1.14 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.09 |
Constant | 0.32*** | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.31*** | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.55*** | 0.43 | 0.71 |
rho (intraclass correlation coefficient) | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.41 |
aReference category | ***p < 0001 **p < 005; Number of wards = 995 Number of caregivers per ward: min = 1 avg = 60.0 max = 971; Integration points = 20 | ***p < 0001 **p < 005; Number of wards = 995 Number of caregivers per ward: min = 1 avg = 43.2 max = 727; Integration points = 20 | ***p < 0001, **p < 005; Number of wards = 929 Number of caregivers per ward: min = 1 avg = 18.5, max = 294; Integration points = 20 | ||||||